備考普通專升本：英語語法之獨立主格結構的用法

    獨立主格結構只是一個小短語，而不是主謂完整的簡單句，又稱之為獨立分詞構句。當分詞意義上的主語不是主句的主語時，必須在分詞前保留意義上的主語，否則語意不通。
 
    1． 獨立主結構形式可用以表時間，理由，條件，伴隨狀態(tài)等。
    He lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him.
    = He lay on the grass, and the sun was shining upon him.
    Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.
    = If weather permits, I'll start tomorrow.
    School being over, the boys went home.
    = When school was over, the boys went home.
    The sun having set, we arrived at the station.
    = After the sun had set, we arrived at the station.
    重點：當獨立主格結構的主語表示“一般人”，如：we, one, you時，主語可省略，此用法常用于下列表達方式中：generally speaking 一般來說strictly speaking 嚴格地-talking of ... 談到-speaking of ... 說到judging from ... 由……來判斷taking all things into consideration 把一切都考慮在內considering ... 考慮到……
    [示例]If we judge from his face, he must be ill.
    = Judging from his face, he must be ill.
    He has lots of books if we consider that he is young.
    = He has lots of books, considering that he is young.
    2．with 復合結構也是獨立主格結構形式之一。這種結構在句中作狀語（表示原因，方式，伴隨等）和定語，作定語時緊隨被修飾名詞后。
    (1) with+ 名詞 + 介詞短語
    The woman with a baby on her back is my sister.
    The boy rushed into the room, with his schoolbag in his hand.
    (2) with + 名詞 + adj.
    with the door open, he left the classroom.
    (3) with + 名詞 + adv.
    With the gloves off, she felt cold.
    With the lights on, the building looks beautiful.
    (4) with + 名詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞（主動）   with + 名詞 + 過去分詞（被動）
    With the guide leading us, we got to the village.
    The boy was crying with the vase broken.
    (5) with + 名詞 + 不定式
    With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for it.